Volume 8, Issue 5, October Issue - 2020, Pages:654-662 |
Authors: Tia Vama Etienne, Cissé Mohamed, Allani Sophie Aka Christiane |
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of Lippia multiflor and Melaleuca leucadendron essential oils against three phytopathogenic fungi (Rhizopus sp., Fusarim sp., and Aspergillus sp.) associated with Ipomea batatas tuberous. Essential oils had been extracted by steam distillation method from leaves of selected plants and their chemical composition was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Essential oil composition characterization was followed by the estimation of percentage mycelial growth inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration of the isolated essential oils against the tested pathogens by the Sabouraud dilution medium method. Antifungal activity of different concentrations of isolated essential oils was evaluated by using the microdilution method. The most abundant compounds identified in the M. leucadendron essential oil are 1,8-cineole (38.2%), viridiflorol (13.4%), α-Pinene (12.5%), α-terpineol(9.2%), and geranial (22.8%) while L. multiflora essential oil have neral (18.7%), 1,8-Cineole (11.4%), α-Phellandrene (6.8%), sabinene (3.5%) as active ingredients. The concentration of essential oils which completely inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of all the tested pathogen varies and it was reported 0.33µL/mL and 0.66µL/mL for L. multiflora respectively while it was reported 24 µL/mL for M. leucadendron, for both effect, seven days of incubation. The minimum concentration of fungicidal essential oil against Aspergillus sp. was 0.33µL/mL for L. multiflora. The findings of the current study confirm the fungicidal properties of the tested essential oils and their potential use in the management of economically important fungal pathogens of Ipomea batatas. Further, these essential oils can be used as possible alternatives to synthetic fungicides. |
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Full Text: 1 Introduction The economies of African countries especially Côte d'Ivoire is mainly based on livestock and agricultural production. Among agricultural products, sweet potato is the seventh most important crop in the world after wheat, rice, maize, potato, barley, and cassava because of its high yield, high adaptability, and high strength (Yan et al., 2014). Sweet potatoes are rich in vitamins, minerals (mainly potassium), dietary fiber, and protein which provide higher energy and nutrition (Ndangui, 2015). Besides, more than 80% of its composition is carbohydrates, mainly in the form of starch (Nepa, 2006). Roots and tubers, including cassava, sweet potato, potato, and yam, are the main food crops for human consumption in Africa (Zannou et al., 2017). In Côte d’Ivoire, sweet potato has recently received much attention due to its many agricultural advantages such as its adaptability to different environmental conditions and its nutritional value. The annual production, which is self-consumed, is about 50,000 tonnes and is carried out by the Central and Northern regions of the country (Anonymous, 2009). Sweet potato crop faces many biotic and abiotic stresses, among identified biotic stress, spongy and soft root rot disease of sweet potatoes is the most damaging one. Mould contamination of these roots can lead to the loss of marketability and sanitary qualities. Indeed, the development of moulds on sweet potatoes can lead to their discoloration and poor presentation. Also, moulds can produce allergenic and toxic metabolites (mycotoxins) that can penetrate the sweet potato and affect the health of the consumer (Nasser, 2001). To protect crops and keep harvests healthy, farmers used chemical fungicides or pesticides to reduce the microbial load or to slow down biochemical alteration reactions, as well as the action of microorganisms. However, commonly used chemicals may, in the short or long term, pose a real risk of mutagenicity, chromosomal aberrations, and cancers to the consumers (Elkaketal., 2012). The need for an alternate strategy feels by researchers and makes various efforts to develop a low-cost method that is compatible with environmental concerns and can control the spreading of disease. The control of sweet potato root rot fungi by the application of natural fungicides has taken a very important place in alternative strategies to synthetic fungicides. In this sense, the study of secondary metabolites from plants is an interesting strategy for the protection of food against fungal parasites (Tomal et al., 2015). Essential oils with their wide spectrum of action against a large number of fungal species are a very promising alternative, without being a source of danger to human health or pollution to the environment (Broydé & Doré, 2013). The current study was aimed to establish the antifungal potential of two essential oils viz., L. multiflora and M. leucadendron against three main root rot fungi (Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus sp., and Fusarium sp.) isolated from the tuberous roots of sweet potatoes. 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Extraction of essential oils L. multiflora leaves were collected at Tortya (8° 46’ N; 5° 41’ O) in the north while M. leucadendron leaves from San Pedro (4°44’ 41’ N; 6° 38’ 23’ O) regions, these two regions are located in the southern and northern part of Côte d'Ivoire respectively. The leaves of the selected plants were air-dried for seven days at room temperature under laboratory conditions (28 ± 2 °C). The essential oils were obtained from these dry leaves by steam distillation method. The essential oil yield was determined by processing 5 Kg of dry leaves matter. The percentages of essential oil yield have been calculated as follow: |
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