Volume 8, Issue 5, October Issue - 2020, Pages:621-627 |
Authors: Rameshwar Rai, Jong Hwa Kim |
Abstract: An experiment was carried out to evaluate the influences of seed storage temperature and variation due to cultivars on the germination of the Lilium×formolongi hort. seeds. The seeds of four cultivars of Lilium×formolongi Hort. viz. Augusta, Raizan Herald (RH), Eorayeon 1ho, and Eorayeon 2ho was treated with four temperature ranges 5°C, -2°C, -20°C and 20°C (Room temperature, Control) up to 6 months to execute the experiment. In total 500 seeds of each cultivar including four temperature regimes and four replications for each temperature treatment and each replication represented by 30 seeds have been provided 10 days chilling treatment before to test the germination to get the uniformity in germination. The laboratory experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) to assess the different parameters of germination viz. germination percentage(GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI), time taken to 50% germination (T50), and coefficient of the velocity of germination (CVG) at four temperature regime of four cultivars. The ANOVA analysis revealed significant variability among the four cultivars for all germination parameters in all temperature treatment levels. The results of the experiment demonstrated that the storage temperature has a great influence on germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI), time taken to 50% germination (T50), and coefficient of the velocity of germination (CVG) with comparisons to the normal temperature stored seeds (20°C). The significant variation among these parameters for each cultivar demonstrated the significance of varied requirements like stored temperature for the long term storage of that particular cultivar. |
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Full Text: 1 Introduction Germination is the first and most important stage in the plant life cycle when the growth of a new plant begins from a seed. The germination process which starting from imbibitions, activation, and succeeding manifestation lasts for the plant life cycle. In this context, seed germination can be defined as one of the most important and first stages of the plant growth cycle which denotes protrusion of the radicle from the tissue enclosing it (Bewley & Black, 2013; Baskin & Baskin, 2014). In other broader aspects; seed germination is a complex physiological process regulated by genetic and environmental factors including temperature, water potential, oxygen, light, and PH (Guo et al, 2020). Among the external factors affecting seed germination, the temperature is one of the primary important factors which play vital roles in affecting speed, rate, and percentage of germination (Marcos Filho, 2015). The measurement of germination can provide valuable information about the percentage, rate, and time taken for germination of seeds, time taken for germination of 50% seeds, germination index, uniformity, and speed of germination. The germination rate provides the measure of the time course of seed germination. In other aspects, it is an estimate of the viability of seed or population of seeds. Another important aspect of seed germination is, of course, the rate of germination which is defined as the inverse of time to 50% germination (Bewley & Black, 2013) and it is usually time courses taken for the germination rate of 50% of total seed population usually denoted by T50. The mean germination time (MGT) is another way to calculate germination speed and which is nowadays widely used by a broad range of seed scientists and other researchers related to plant biologists (Soltani & Soltani, 2015). Likewise germination index and coefficient of the velocity of germination are other parameters deserving prime importance for the study of seed germination. In east Asia especially in Japan and Korea, Lilium×formolongi Hort. is mainly seed propagated lily for cut flower production, seeds used to sow during winter (December to February) to get the flower in summer (July-August) (Ho et al., 2006, Xuan & Kim, 2014). The seeds usually harvested in the months of late September to early October have to store 3-4 months before to sow in the plastic house to prepare for transplanting in the main field in and around the third week of April (Rai et al., 2018).To keep the seed vigor constant without deteriorating the seed quality and germination percentage is a challenging job for the lily grower farmers. To understand the better storage temperature of seeds of Lilium×formolongi Hort., it is necessary to investigate a wide range of temperature which demonstrate higher germination percentage and constant the other biological aspects of seeds. In Japan and Korea, this type of seed propagated lilies is grown on a relatively small scale (Anderson et al., 2012; Kang et al., 2013). For this purpose up facing longiflorum hybrids viz. Augusta F1, Raizan herald is developed by Daicxhii Japan (Lim & Van Tyul, 2007). Likewise, in Korea to fulfill the demand of seed market Eorayeon 1ho and Eorayeon 2ho were developed by KNU, a floricultural breeding laboratory(Xuan et al.,2009a; Xuan et al. 2009b). Seed propagated white trumpet lilies Lx formolongi Hort. were introduced for commercial cut flower production in the 1990s (Sato et al., 2010). Commercial Lx formolongi cultivars include Augusta F1, Raizan Herald (Sakigake Raizan)(Ho et al., 2006; Sato et al.,2010) while Eorayeon 1ho and Eorayeon 2ho were introduced in the first decade of the twenty-first century (Anderson et al., 2012). The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of different temperatures on the seeds germination of four different cultivars of L. ×formolongi Hort. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1. Seeds materials and temperature treatment The seeds of four cultivars of Lilium×formolongi Hort. viz. Augusta, Raizen Herald, Eorayeon 1ho, and Eorayeon 2ho were stored at different temperatures viz.-20ºC, -2ºC, 5ºC, and 20ºC (room temperature-Control) up to 6 months. After 6 months, treated seeds were surface sterilized with recommended fungicide Bhenoram @1g/L overnight separately covering the 500seeds of each cultivar in gauze. This was followed by the inoculation of these sterilized seeds on the wet filter containing petri dish, each petri dish has 30 seeds and each treatment replicated four times. After keeping the seeds, all Petri dishes were well labeled with cultivars' names, treatments, and replication accordingly. Then Petri dishes were kept inside the chamber maintaining temperature 5ºC. After 10days of chilling treatment, observation on various germination parameters was recorded every day and with the help of forceps germinated seeds were discarded from the Petri dishes accordingly. After observation, distilled water was added over the tissue paper to maintain the moisture using the plastic bottle water sprayer. 2.1.1. Germination percentage (GP) The germination percentage is a very usual term obtained by the number of germinated seeds divided by the total number of seeds and multiplied by 100. After 10 days of chilling treatment, the number of germinated seeds of each cultivar and temperature treatment was recorded every after 24h at morning 10 o’clock (AOSA, 1990). After 2 weeks of germination observation, the germination percentage was calculated by dividing the number of germinated seeds by the total number of seeds, multiplied by 100 (Tanveer et al., 2010; Cokkizgin & Cokkizgain, 2010). GP=S/T×100 Where, GP=Germination percentage, S=Number of germinated seeds, T =Number of total seeds 2.1.2. Mean germination time (MGT) It is one of the common method or ways to calculate germination speed, in this, the mean germination time (MGT) was calculated adopting the formula as given by Ellis & Roberts, 1980 as follows, MGT =∑ (Dn)/∑n Where n stands for the number of seeds germinated each day and D for the day of counting. 2.1.3. Germination index (GI) It emphasizes both germination speed and germination percentage. The GI was calculated using the formula given by the Association of Official Seed Analysis (AOSA, 1983) as follows; GI=∑ (GT/Tt) 2.1.4. Time taken to 50% Germination (T50) The time to reach 50% germination (T50) was estimated using the formula of Coolbear et al. (1984) and later on, modified by Farooq et al. (2005), T50=ti+ [(N/2-ni) (tj-ti)]/ (nj-ni) Where N is the number of final germination count and ni, nj cumulative number of seeds germinated at adjacent days ti and tj when ni 2.1.5.Coefficient of the velocity of germination (CVG) The CVG indicates the rapidity of the germination of seeds. It increases when the number of germinated seeds increases and the time required for germination decreases. The CVG was estimated using the formula given by Maguire(1962) as, |
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