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Volume 8, Issue 3, June Issue - 2020, Pages:253-264 |
| Authors: Biochar, Cadmium, Growth, Quality, Rice, Yield |
| Abstract: Anthropic actions like quarrying, transportation, agriculture, industrial waste disposal etc. discharge inorganic pollutants in great concentrations that are toxic to natural ecosystems. Heavy metal like cadmium is a toxic metallic element that poses serious human health hazards through consumption of contaminated agricultural produces when present in high concentrations in soil. To address this problem this experiment was conducted in 2018 to study the effect of biocharon growth, yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa) in cadmium contaminated soil in the net house. Six cadmium levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/kg) with and without two levels of biochar viz., @ 20 ton/ha and 40 ton/ha respectively were taken as treatment. Plant height, chlorophyll content, panicle length, number of tillers hill-1, productive tillers hill-1, grains panicle-1, harvest index, grain yield, straw yield, protein content and protein yield in rice were recorded. Results of current study indicated that cadmium had negative impact on growth, yield and quality parameters of rice. Growth, yield and quality of rice significantly decreased with increasing doses of cadmium in soil. Results obtained from the experiments also revealed that addition of biochar significantly increased these parameters of rice. In general, the application of biochar has shown the ability to reduce the toxic effect of cadmium on growth, yield and quality of rice. |
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Full Text: 1 Introduction Heavy metal contamination due to anthropogenic activities is a global problem and has multiple negative effects on soil– plant systems. This problem is becoming more severe, especially in developing countries (Bashir et al., 2017). Excessive toxic metal concentrations in the contaminated soils generally lead to soil quality degradation, crop yield reduction, and metal accumulation in agricultural products and thus pose increasing hazards to human health, as well as plants and animals (Wang et al., 2013). Remediation of these hazardous soils by conventional practices, including excavation and land filling, is unfeasible on large scale because these techniques are cost-prohibitive and environmentally disruptive (Houben et al., 2013a), they generate considerable disturbance in the environment and are economically unfeasible on a large scale (Houben et al., 2013b). Therefore to limit the solubility and the bioavailability of metal(oid)s in contaminated soil special soil-management techniques are required (Hattab et al., 2015). Metals phytoavailability and mobility in the soils can be decreases by in-situ immobilization of metals in contaminated soils using amendments (Sabir et al., 2013; Rizwan et al., 2016c; Rehman et al., 2017). For immobilization of metals in the soils, organic and inorganic amendments can be used (Chaiyarat et al., 2011) with varying benefits but organic amendments might be the better preference owing to the capacity of organic amendments to improvement in physical, chemical, biological properties and fertility status of the soil (Park et al., 2011; Kant et al., 2018a; Kant et al., 2018b). Organic amendments are very efficient to detoxify the effects of heavy metals on soil - plant systems because they are derived from raw biological waste and little pretreatment is required before their application (Park et al., 2011; Yin et al., 2016; Bashir et al., 2017). Several organic amendments can decrease the solubility, leaching and bioavailability of trace elements (Mench et al., 2010; Angelova et al., 2013; Kumar et al., 2018). Organic amendments may enhance the soil fertility and microbial activity, leading to the amelioration of the soil quality as a whole (Kumar & Sharma, 2018). These Organic sources may be organic manures, green manure, rural wastes, crop residues, biofertilizers and vermicompost (Kumar et al., 2018; Kumar et al., 2020). Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most harmful, toxic and wide spread heavy metal in agricultural soils (Abbas et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2020).Undoubtedly, Cd adversely affects not only the quality of agriculture products but also human health due to its high toxicity and bioavailability (Khan et al., 2018), because it is non-biodegradable, detrimental to ecosystems and threats to human health through the food chain (Murtaza et al., 2015). Cadmium toxicity increases the oxidative stress in plants by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in different parts of plant. The Cd toxicity triggered the overproduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehydecontents in plants (Gallego et al., 2012; Younis et al., 2016). Various practices such as the use of metal hyperaccumulator plants,organic and inorganic amendments and agricultural practices have been employed to remediate the Cd-contaminated soils (Qayyum et al., 2017). Among organic amendments, biochar is widely employed currently and has several benefits for soils and crops (Xu et al. 2013; Du et al. 2017; Hussain et al. 2017). Biochar (BC) is the solid organic material produced from the slow pyrolysis of waste organic materials such as manures and agricultural residues (Ok et al., 2015; Rizwanet al., 2016d), it is a carbonaceous black porous material obtained by pyrolysis of biomass under oxygen-free atmosphere (Choudhary et al., 2017). It might influence the toxicity, transport and fate of different heavy metals in the soil (Nigussie et al., 2012). Biochar has been shown to decrease the metal bioavailability in the soils and their uptake and translocation by plants (Mohamed et al., 2015; Shaheen & Rinklebe, 2015; Li et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2016). Biochar is a good option for heavy metal stabilization in contaminated soils, which leads to the reduced uptake of heavy metals by plants (Beesley et al. 2011; Lu et al. 2014). Use of biochar in comparison with the other chemical and biological methods in pollutant removal has remarkable potential (Zeng et al., 2015) because of its eco-friendly and economic production (Ahmad et al. 2014; Tan et al. 2015). Rice (Oryza sativa) is the primary food for over two billion people in Asia, Africa and Latin America and has been used as a model plant in studies of cadmium toxicity and tolerance. Currently cadmium pollution in soils poses a serious threat to rice quality. Thus it is important to find ways to increase the rice tolerance to cadmium and limit their accumulation. Current experiment was conducted to address current knowledge gaps, and to investigate the effect of biochar on growth, yield and quality of rice in cadmium contaminated soil. 2 Materials and Methods Current experiment was conducted in the net house condition during 2018. Six Cadmium levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/kg) with and without two levels of Biochar @ 20 ton/ha and 40 ton/ha respectively were taken as a treatment. Bulk soil was taken from the Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Soil was air dried gently, ground to pass through a 2 mm sieve and homogenized. The soil samples were analyzed for chemical properties and results are presented in table 1. Processed 10 kg soil was filled in polythene lined pots. The moisture level in pots was maintained up to field capacity. Six doses of cadmium (0, 20, 40, 60 80 and 100 mg/kg) and two levels of Biochar @ 20 ton/ha and 40 ton/ha were mixed in each pot. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) having 18 treatments viz., Cadmium 0 ppm (Cd0), Cadmium 20 ppm (Cd20), Cadmium 40 ppm (Cd40), Cadmium 60 ppm (Cd60), Cadmium 80 ppm (Cd80), Cadmium 100ppm (Cd100), Cadmium 0 ppm + Biochar 20 (Cd0Bc20), Cadmium 0 ppm + Biochar 40 (Cd0Bc40), Cadmium 20 ppm + Biochar 20 (Cd20Bc20), Cadmium 20 ppm + Biochar 40 (Cd20Bc40), Cadmium 40 ppm +Biochar 20(Cd40Bc20), Cadmium 40 ppm +Biochar 40 (Cd40Bc40), Cadmium 60 ppm +Biochar 20 (Cd60Bc20), Cadmium 60 ppm +Biochar 40 (Cd60Bc40), Cadmium 80 ppm + Biochar 20 (Cd80Bc20), Cadmium 80 ppm + Biochar 40 (Cd80Bc40), Cadmium 100ppm + Biochar 20 (Cd100Bc20)and Cadmium 100ppm + Biochar 40 (Cd100Bc40). Each treatment was replicated three times. Rice (var. HUR-105) was taken as a test crop in kharif season 2018. Recommended doses of N - P2O5 - K2O were applied @ 150:60:60 kg ha-1through Urea, Di-ammonium phosphate, muriate of potash (MOP), respectively in all the pots. The required amount of cadmium for 10 kg of soil was applied through cadmium chloride (CdCl2) solution with six different levels of concentration like (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 ppm) to the pots and allowed to keep for maintaining equilibrium. After 15 days of cadmium contamination biochar was applied @ 89.2g and 178.6 g pot-1 respectively and then mix thoroughly. The biochar was collected from a private rice mill situated at Mirzapur district. Pots were incubated for next 15 days with biochar and watered at field capacity almost on a daily basis after a month of incubation (four-week old-seedlings) was transplanted @ 5 seedlings pot-1. The height of plants was measured with the help of meter scale from the base of the plant to the tip of the uppermost fully opened leaf. After panicle emergence, the height was measured up to the tip of the panicle. Total number of tillers hill-1 and productive tillers hill-1 were counted from each pot. The numbers of leaves perplant, numbers of branches and Chlorophyll content (SPAD) were recorded from each pot and average numbers of leaves were calculated on per plant basis. The important biometric characters such as Panicle length (cm), Filled grains panicle-1, Panicle weight (g), 1000 grains weight or test weight (g), Grain yield (g/pot), Straw yield (g/pot) and harvest index (%) were recorded. For quality of rice grain the protein yield is estimated with the help of protein content in rice grain.Protein content was determined on the basis of percentage of nitrogen content in rice grain and calculated as Humpshire (1956) Protein content = Nitrogen content (%) × 6.25 Protein yield (g/pot)=(Protein content (%)×Yield of rice grain(g/pot))/100 For determining the significance between the treatment means and to draw valid conclusion, statistical analysis was made. The difference of the treatments mean was tested using P value at 1% level of probability (Gomez & Gomez, 1984) by following the Complete Randomized Design (CRD) to draw the valid differences among the treatments. 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of biochar on growth of rice crop in cadmium contaminated soil 3.1.1 Plant height The data of plant height of rice was recorded at 30 DAT, 60 DAT, and 90 DAT. The height of the rice plant in cadmium contaminated soil was observed and reported that plant height was influenced due to the toxic nature of cadmium in a treated pot which is presented in table 1.Plant height was significantly affected by different levels of cadmium at all growth stages. With an increase in the concentration of cadmium (Cd 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm) plant height decreased at all stages of rice crop. Decrease in the plant height might be primarily due to decline in root growth and ensuing lesser nutrient and water transport to the above part of the plant (Kumar et al., 2018). Considerable increase in plant height was reported on 30 DAT on the addition of biochar as compared to control. Maximum plant height 71.2 cm was recorded in treatment Cd0+Bc40 followed by the treatment Cd0+Bc20. On the other hand, the lowest height was obtained from control pot with treatment Cd100 i.e. 46.0 cm. The similar trend was noticed at 60 DAT and 90 DAT except a slight increase in plant height. The Cd is toxic to the plants and caused the reduction in growth, yield and quality of plants (Rizwan et al., 2016a). The toxic effect of cadmium disrupted the physiological responses of rice crop by altering the physiology of rice crop. The toxic effect of cadmium not only reduces plant height but it can also reduce the number of leaves and surface area of leaves per plant hence due to easily accessibility biochar in Indian context is found very promising tools in mitigating the undesirable effect of cadmium in soil. Abbas et al. (2017) reported that the plant height of wheat increased with application of biochar in a dose additive manner in soil contaminated with cadmium compared with control treatment. Khan et al. (2013) reported that the addition of Sewage Sludge Biochar significantly stimulated plant growth of rice as compared to the control. Shoot biomass, grain yield, number of tillers, and the height of tillers all increased significantly. Saengwilai et al. (2017) noticed that all rice cultivars grown in the amended soils experienced higher percent growth rates compared with the control. However, Cui et al. (2012) reported that biochar had no effect on plant growth. 3.1.2 Chlorophy ll Content The data of chlorophyll was recorded by SPAD meter and is presented in table 2. Chlorophyll content increased slowly from 30 to 60 DAT and thereafter a gradual decline was observed at 90 DAT when plants move towards maturity. It is evident from the data that chlorophyll content was significantly affected by different levels of cadmium at different growth stages. Data ensured that as level of cadmium increased from 0 to 100 ppm the amount of chlorophyll content were decreased respectively because of oxidative stress induced by cadmium accumulation in the plant which resulted in lipid peroxidation in plants that cause severe damage to the cell membranes (Shamshad et al., 2018). The oxidative stress is induced by cadmium initiates the degradation of photosynthetic pigments which causes a decline in growth of the plant. High cadmium concentration affects photosynthesis in terms of CO2 fixation, electron transport, photophosphorylation, and enzyme activities that can disturb the chloroplast ultra-structure there by disturbing the photosynthetic process (Song et al., 2019). Under cadmium stress situation photosynthesis, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency was reported decreased in rice plant (Rascio et al. 2008). Cd toxicity reduced the gas exchange attributes and photosynthetic pigments and caused the destruction of chloroplast structures (Rochayati et al., 2011). Heavy metal mainly distresses chloroplast ultrastructure, causing lipid peroxidation of photosynthetic membranes, damages photosynthetic pigments and obstructs PSII activity (Chen et al., 2019). The cadmium toxicity results in growth inhibition of rice crop more or less showing chlorosis while excessive cadmium exposure Cd 100 mg kg-1 of soil causes leaf chlorosis and necrosis (Liu et al. 2009). Results regarding chlorophyll content after 30 days of transplantation in rice crop indicated that chlorophyll content significantly enhanced due to the application of biochar. The highest chlorophyll content was recorded 42.10 in treatment Cd0+Bc40 followed by treatment Cd0ppm+ Bc20(41.50) respectively. While plants grown on soil treated with Cd100ppm without application of biochar leads to an extreme yellowing of leaves due to lack of chlorophyll content. The application of biochar significantly increased chlorophyll content in rice crop. Liu et al. (2020) reported that the addition of organic amendments in Cd contaminated soil, increased chlorophyll contents of rice. The increase in chlorophyll contents might be due to the reversal of Cd induced toxicities in the plants with BC application (Rizwan et al., 2016b; Kumar et al., 2018). 3.1.3 Number of tillers hill-1 The data of total tillers per hill and productive tillers per hill recorded and presented in table 3. Number of tillers per hill increased slowly from 30 to 60 DAT. Levels of cadmium usually affected the tiller number. As the cadmium concentration increased there was a decreased in the number of the total tillers and productive tiller per hill. Result showed that number of tillers per hill of rice and productive tillers per hill were significantly affected due to the application of different doses of cadmium. Similar results had been reported by Ahmad et al. (2011). The maximum total tillers count hill-1 was recorded 13.0 and productive tillers hill-1 was recorded 11.8 respectively and pot treated with biochar recorded maximum tiller count i.e. 13 in treatment Cd0+Bc40 followed by 12.8 in treatment Cd0+Bc20. While total minimum number of tiller count per hill was 6.20 and productive tillers count per hill was 4.80 both in treatment (Cd100). The effect of biochar was found significant in increasing the number of tillers per hill and productive tillers hill-1 in rice crop because it supplies the better and adequate amount of macro and micronutrient resulted in better toleration for cadmium in rice. Biochar increased soil fertility, enhancing plant growth by decreasing phyto-available fractions of metals, while cadmium toxicity restricted rice growth as estimated in terms of root and shoot length, leaf area, root area, number of leaves and roots per plant (Song et al., 2015). The variation in the above-mentioned parameters recorded might be attributed to the availability of nutrients. Nutrient availability from organic sources is due to microbial action which is slow and steady and further through improved physical conditions of the soils (Hasanuzzaman et al., 2010). Biochar showed the better result as compared to another organic amendment because of its chemical stability as it widens the possibility of sequestering carbon besides that it also increased soil fertility and acts as a soil conditioner, application of biochar could also reduce metal uptake in various plants species and increased available nutrient uptake for the plant (Houben & Sonnet, 2015). 3.2 Effect of biochar on yield attributes and yields of rice in cadmium contaminated soil 3.2.1 Panicle length (cm) The length of the panicle is basically influenced by cadmium concentration along with the addition of biochar. Data collected regarding the length of panicle which is presented in table 4 revealed that plant has considerable variations and can survive with an increased in the levels of cadmium but resulted in shorter panicle length over control treatment. It is evident from the results that panicle length varied from 16.20 to 23.10 cm among different level of cadmium concentration. Maximum panicle length 24.90cm was found associated with the treatment Cd0+Bc40 which was significantly higher due to the application of biochar followed by Cd0+Bc20 i.e. 23.7cm. Cadmium levels and biochar with respect to the length of panicle was found significant at every stage of rice crop. However, Khan et al. (2013) found that by sewage sludge biochar no significant change was observed in the panicles length of rice. 3.2.2 Number of grains hill-1 There was a significant effect reflected on number of grains per panicle with different level of cadmium application presented in table 4. The number of grains per panicle varied from 95 to 132 grain hill-1 in case of different levels of cadmium. The highest total number of grains hill-1 was observed in treatment (Cd0+ Bc40) i.e. 142 followed by treatment (Cd0+Bc20) i.e. 136. Result of study revealed that there was a decreased in grains per panicle from 130 in Cd20+ Bc40 to 98 in Cd100+Bc20 as the concentration of cadmium increased. It was reported that cadmium could transfer from root of rice crop to grains by the mechanism of translocation and decreases grain yield, quality, and nutrient uptake by rice crop (Rodda et al., 2011). 3.2.3 1000 grains weight (g) or test weight Cadmium levels and application of biochar may influence weight of rice grain at reproductive stage that has been presented in table 4. Data revealed that 1000 grains weight varies from 26.6 g in Cd0Bc40 to 20g in treatment Cd100. Data reflected that, increased in cadmium content decreases the test weight in rice crop. Application of biochar can significantly influenced test weight of rice grain. Maximum weight of 1000 grains was recorded 26.6g in treatment Cd0+Bc40 followed by treatment Cd0+Bc20 i.e. 25.2g respectively. Improving growth coupled with the transport of photosynthates towards reproductive structure might have increased yield and yield attributes due to addition of biochar. The results indicated that cadmium affected yield attributes in rice crop even though it was reported as a hyper accumulator and high tolerant crop for heavy metals. Jatav et al. (2016) showed a significant increase in test weight with application of graded level of biochar along with sewage sludge. Ganesh et al. (2015) found that chromium polluted soil mixed with organic amendments increased 1000 grain weight of paddy as compared to polluted soil without amendments. 3.2.4 Grain yield and straw yield The yield of rice grain and straw has been depicted in table 4. Cadmium directly has an adverse effect on rice yield but it can be mitigated by using an adequate amount of biochar. The lowest value of rice grain yield was 29.2 g pot-1 in the treatment Cd100 with a reduction in the yield over 36.1% compared to the treatment of Cd0+Bc40which was reported highest yield i.e. 45.7g. Similar results were also reported in case of the straw yield of rice because it translocated in grain through the shoot. The highest reduction in straw yield due to the direct effect of cadmium concentration observed in treatment Cd100 having yield 40.2g pot-1. The beneficial effect of cadmium was also seen at treatment Cd20 in rice crop which could be attributed to increased absorption of nutrients like K, Ca and Mg, at low concentration of cadmium while at very higher cadmium concentration it might have adversely affected yield attributes due to phytotoxicity. Radziemska et al. (2018) also reported negative correlation between plant yields and increasing contamination of soil with Cr. The straw yield of rice was enhanced due to the direct effect of biochar over control treatment. Highest straw yield was reported in treatment Cd0+Bc40 i.e. 50g followed by Cd0+Bc20 i.e. 48.1g. The improvement in yield of rice could be attributed due to the addition of biochar to the soil, which increased the availability of nutrients due to enhancement in important soil properties. The adverse effect of cadmium on the yield of rice could be alleviated to some extent especially with biochar addition. The role of biochar is to reduce the toxicity of cadmium by improving the efficacy of nutrient uptake which leads improvement in yield of rice crop that could be attributed due to the reduction in the bioavailability of cadmium and thus reduces toxic effects of Cadmium in the soil. Bioavailability of heavy metal in the soil is said to be the fraction of the total metal in the interstitial pure water that is available to the receptor organism. More specifically, it refers to the biologically available fraction or pool that can be taken up by an organism and can react with its metabolic machinery. By immobilization of this fraction of metals reduced its bioavailability. This could be achieved by the addition of biochar which increases the immobilization of metal through adsorption reactions, and formation of organo-cadmium complexes. The grain and straw yield has been drastically reduced due to the toxic effect of cadmium on the roots and shoots of rice crop. The characteristics of rice crop vary under various treatments of cadmium. High organic matter, macro and micronutrients enhanced soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. The decrease in biomass or productivity of rice crop was due to a disruption in nitrogen metabolism of seedlings under cadmium stress condition (Chatterjee & Chatterjee, 2000). Increased crop yield is a commonly reported benefit of adding biochar to soils, though experimental results are variable and dependent on the experimental set-up, soil properties, and conditions (Jeffery et al., 2011). These yield attributes like panicle number, grains panicle-1 test weight, increased with the addition of biochar compared to control treatment. Biochar significantly increased grain yield in case of rice and grain yield sustained over 3 years after using a single dose of soil amendment like wheat straw or biochar (Khan et al., 2013). Further, Nagaraju et al. (2015) stated that heavy metals are carcinogenic in nature, damage DNA, proteins and lipids that adversely affect plant growth and yield. Senthilraja (2017) accentuated that the adding of amendments in combination with brewery wastewater irrigation significantly enhanced the yield attributes of sesame. Kumar et al. (2020) revealed that yield of mustard significantly increased with application of organic amendments in soil contaminated with Cr. The ability of organic amendments to increase the yield was attributed to the combined effect of increased nutrient availability (P and N) and improved soil chemical conditions upon amendment (Hossain et al., 2010). Increase in seed and stalk yield by amendment possibly will be because of favorable influence of organic manures which enriched fertility and soil physical environment that might have sustained better germination, root proliferation, nutrient and water uptake (Senthilraja, 2017). Shaheen et al. (2017) explained that the highest yield of crops in contaminated soils at the compost treatment might be due to supplying the soil with nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Ramzani et al. (2016) cleared that enhanced plant growth and grain yield in rice crop can be attributed to the positive effect of biochar. Maximum crop yield in contaminated soils might be due to furnishing the soil with nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus by the amendment (Shaheen et al., 2017; Kumar et al., 2020). Higher chlorophyll levels often resulted in higher crop yields because chlorophylls participate in energy creation and conversion via photosynthesis for crop growth (Alam et al., 2019). 3.2.5 Harvest index (%) Harvest index of rice was affected by different concentration of cadmium and biochar applied in experimental soil that has been presented in table 4. Data regarding harvesting index revealed that (H.I) varied from 48.2 % to 42.01%. However, the highest harvest index recorded in treatment Cd0+Bc40 was 48.2% followed by the treatment Cd0+bc20 i.e. 47.2% and lowest harvest index was reported in treatment Cd100 i.e. 42.01%. Biochar significantly influenced the yield of rice and hence interaction effect of biochar regarding to harvest index was found significantly higher. Malaviya & Sharma (2011) stated that decrease in harvest index with the increase in effluent concentration signifying the fact that seed weight was more sensitive to the applied effluent stress than straw weight. Kakar et al. (2010) found that harvest index was higher in plants from control compared with rest of the effluents treatments. Harvest index denotes the proportion of economically produced part to the above ground biomass (Yadav, 2016). Harvest index varied significantly with application of organic amendments. The significant effect suggests that plants maintained a higher supply of photosynthates to reproductive part as compared to vegetative biomass to sustain higher index (Latare, 2014). 3.3 Effect of biochar on quality of rice grain in cadmium contaminated soil 3.3.1 Protein content and Protein yield in rice grain Data regarding protein content and yield is shown in figure 1. The highest protein (8.75%) content recorded in treatment Cd0+Bc40 this was followed by 8.62% in treatment Cd0+Bc20. While the lowest protein content 6.12% was recorded at highest dose of cadmium. The interaction between biochar and protein content found significant in rice crop. As cadmium level increased in soil then protein content decreased in all treatments while biochar application increased the protein content in rice crop and reduced the toxic effect of cadmium. Similar trend was observed in case of protein yield. Excess of cadmium accumulation by the plant not only have negative effects on the quality of foods grain, but it also reduces the growth, chlorophyll content and yield through a different mechanism such as the reduction in nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, and over production of reactive oxygen species which can alter the physiology of plant and hence reported a drastic reduction of quality and quantity food grain production (Nagajyoti et al., 2010).The excess Cd decreased the uptake of macro- and micronutrients by plants, which deteriorated the quality of the food crops (Rochayati et al., 2011). Gao et al. (2016) and Rehman et al. (2017) reported that cadmium negatively affects rice growth and quality in the number of cultivars. Nagaraju et al. (2015) stated that heavy metals are carcinogenic in nature, damage DNA, proteins and lipids that adversely affect plant growth and yield. Increase in proteins with the biochar application under Cd stress might be due to the increase in the formation of metal-binding complexes (Younis et al., 2016). Sunitha et al. (2014) observed significant increase in crude protein content in maize (Zea mays L.) due to the application of poultry manure or vermicompost with and without microbial strains in soil contaminated with tannery wastes. Conclusion Results indicated that cadmium had negative impact on rice. Plant height, chlorophyll content, panicle length, number of tillers hill-1, productive tillers hill-1, grains panicle-1, harvest index, grain yield, straw yield, protein content and protein yield decreased with increasing doses of cadmium in soil i.e., (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 ppm). The addition of biochar significantly increased these parameters of rice. The application of biochar reduced cadmium toxicity to some extent but not completely. Biomass of rice crop decreased with increasing doses of cadmium. The addition of biochar had significantly increased the biomass of rice and their interaction found significant. The results showed that biomass of rice plant decreased in both amended with biochar and non-amended soils upon an increase in cadmium concentration. Conflict of Interest All the authors hereby declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article. |
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