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Volume 7, Issue 5, October Issue - 2019, Pages:494-504


Authors: Dange S.S., Gulve R.M., Deshmukh R.B., Phatake Y.B., Dange S.R.
Abstract: In present study Pseudomonas aeruginosa with potential of pyocyanin pigment production was screened and its efficacy was estimated. The selected potent strain was identified up to species level by morphological, biochemical and molecular methods. The produced pigment was qualitatively and quantitatively characterized by using spectrophotometric methods. Lambda max value of the extracted pigment was found to be 320 and 520nm at alkaline and acidic conditions respectively. The conditions for growth and production of pyocyanin were optimized by classical (one parameter at a time) method in which media type and composition, physical parameters like pH, incubation temperature and salt concentration were studied. Maximum yield was obtained from the nutrient broth containing 1% glycerol at pH 7, Temperature 37oC and salt concentration 0.5 %. Silica gel column chromatography was effectively used for purification of extracted pyocyanin. The antimicrobial activity of the pyocyanin was evaluated against human pathogenic bacteria S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella sp., Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp. and phytopathogenic fungi Cerratocystis caradum, Sclerotium sp., Altenaria alternatum, Aspergillus asporagus, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. MIC of the pyocyanin against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella sp. was found 12 µg/L and 8 µg/L respectively. The study showed that Gram negative bacteria are more sensitive to the pyocyanin than Gram positive. The pyocyanin also showed potent antifungal activity against Cerratocystis caradum, Sclerotium sp. and Altenaria alternatum.
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Full Text: 1 Introduction Pseudomonas spp. are Gram-negative, aerobic bacilli with 0.5 to 0.8 μm size. It belongs to family Pseudomonadaceae with 12 other members (a member of the Gammaproteobacteria). Similar to other members of genus Pseudomonas, P. aeruginosa is ubiquitous in nature which found commonly in soil, water, plants as well as in humans body. In human being Pseudomonas spp. can cause urinary tract infections, respiratory system infections, dermatitis, soft tissue infections, bacteremia, bone and joint infections, gastrointestinal infections and a variety of systemic infections (Marathe et al., 2015). Further, recently it has been well established that P. aeruginosa is the principle reason behind bacteraemia in burn victims, urinary-tract infections in catheterized patients and hospital-acquired pneumonia in patients on respirators (Bodey et al., 1983; Stover et al., 2000; Usman et al., 2017 ). P. aeruginosa is the most common cause of chronic and recurrent lung infections (Cheluvappa et al., 2008; Mesquita et al., 2013). In last few decades researchers have been attracted towards these bacteria not only because of their ability to grow in diverse environmental conditions but also to produce biologically important pigments (Usman et al., 2017). P. aeruginosa has also been reported to produce several virulence factors and blue pigment as a secondary metabolite including rhamnolipids, biofilm, biopigments, elastases, alginate, exotoxin A, exoenzymes and phospholipase C etc. (Girard & Bloemberg, 2008; Rao et al., 2017). All the listed virulence factors are reported to be chromosomally coded (Stover, et al., 2000). These could grow very fast and shows antagonistic effect against human pathogenic bacteria as well as phytopathogens (Marathe et al., 2015). The most notable characteristic feature of P. aeruginosa is the production of pyocyanin (a blue-green colored redox pigment): a water soluble blue phenazine compound (El-Fouly et al., 2015). Organisms produce these pigments in response to light and radiations (Phatake & Dharmadhkari, 2016). Pyocyanin have various pharmacological effects such as antimicrobial, immunosuppressive, antibiofilm etc. (Venil et al., 2013; Jayaseelan et al., 2014). Antimicrobial activity of pyocyanin produced by Pseudomonas spp. was reported by Jameel et al. (2017) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. It is also used to control fungal phytopathogens (Sudhakar et al., 2013; Jameel et al., 2017). With this, pyocyanin had potent anticancer (Zhao et al., 2014) and cytotoxic activity (Hassani et al., 2012).  Zhao et al. (2014) reported that it significantly inhibited HepG2 human hepatoma cells proliferation by apoptosis. Other studies also showed that pyocyanin produced by mutant strain of P. aeruginosa was more potent in inhibiting pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells (Hassani et al., 2012). Cytotoxicity assay showed that pyocyanin exhibiting toxicity against glioblastoma cells (U87MG), and it depending on the concentration of pyocyanin (Vipin et al., 2017). In biological activity, its shows similarity with isoalloxazine, flavoprotein, flavin mononucleotide compounds (Ohfuji et al., 2004) which affects microbial communities in vicinity and communal interactions. The major skeleton of a pyocyanin is the phenazine nucleus which has the carboxyl and methyl groups on its carbon number 1 and 5 binding sites (Figure 1), respectively (Mavrodi et al., 2001). Among the natural resources, bacterial pigments are a good alternative to synthetic pigments because of their significant properties (Azmana et al., 2018).  Among various studied Pseudomonas spp., only P. aeruginosa could produces pyocyanin. Therefore, the presence of this pigment is characteristic feature of this bacterium. Compositions of media and physical conditions such as pH, incubation temperature, period and conditions significantly affect the final yield of pyocyanin pigments (Phatake & Dharmadhkari 2016).   According to Vipin et al. (2017) overproduction of pyocyanin can be achieved by the supplementation of media with shikimic acid. The aim of the present study was to isolate and screen potent and novel pyocyanin producing Pseudomonas strain from soil samples and characterization of the selected strains. Further, effect of physical factors on pyocyanin productions and its antimicrobial activity was also evaluated in current study.  2 Materials and methods 2.1 Sample collection Pseudomonas spp. are the common inhabitants of rhizospheric soil; in current study, six soils sample were collected from different crop fields of Baramati, Pune, Maharashtra.  The samples were collected from the depth of 30cm by using sterile spatula. All the soil samples were collected in polyethylene bags and were brought to lab (Marathe et al., 2015). 2.2 Enrichment, Isolation and Identification Five gm soil from each sample was inoculated into 100ml of sterile saline solution and kept on shaker at 300rpm with vigorously shaking for 1 hr. After incubation, solution was filtered through filtration assembly and 10 ml of filtrate was inoculated in sterile nutrient broth. The inoculated broth was incubated on rotary shaker incubator at 30ºC±2ºC for 24 hr. After incubation enriched broth was used for isolation of pigment producing bacteria. For this isolation selective sterile King’s medium (peptone 20 g/l, magnesium chloride 1.4 g/l, potassium sulphate 10 g/l, pH 7) was used and isolation was carried out by four quadrant streaking method (Pedro & Chioma, 2018). After incubation, greenish-blue color pigmented colonies were selected and primarily identified by a colony morphology, Gram staining, biochemical characterization and by using Analytical profile index (Marathe et al., 2015). Finally the results were confirmed and bacterium was identified up-to species level by 16S rDNA technique (Maleki et al., 2010; Vora et al., 2014).  2.3 Partial Purification of pigment The isolated cells were grown on nutrient broth for production of pigments, after incubation biomass were separated by centrifugation at 8000 rpm (cooling centrifuge, Remi CRP24). The supernatant obtained was mixed with equal volume of 2:1 mixture of chloroform and methanol. The blue colored phase containing pigment was separated using separating funnel after vigorous shaking. The obtained pigment was concentrated by freeze drying (Mitra & Vakilwala 2015). 2.4 Silica gel column chromatography The extracted pyocyanin pigment was absorbed on small quantity of silica gel (mesh size 200-500). Silica gel absorbed extracted pigment was loaded on column (30cm length × 2cm diameter) that had been equilibrated with 15% methanol in chloroform. Purified pyocyanin was eluted with 15% methanol in chloroform. The eluted fractions were examined by scanning UV-visible spectrophotometer. 2.5 Qualitative characterization of pigment The extracted pigment was characterized by using spectrophotometric method (U.V. visible spectrophotometer, Double Beam, Elico SL210) in which the absorbance of the pigment at acidic and alkaline conditions was measured in the range of 300 to 550 nm. For this, 0.2 N HCL and chloroform was used as blank for acidic and alkaline conditions respectively (Mitra & Vakilwala 2015). 2.6 Quantitative characterization of the pyocyanin The extracted pyocyanin pigment was quantified by using formula given by Essar et al. (1990) Pyocyanin µg/ml=O.D.at 520nm×17.072 Where, 17.072= extinction coefficient 2.7 Optimization of pyocyanin production by classical method Media composition plays important role in the pigment production process. As carbon and nitrogen source present in the medium directly affect bacterial growth which ultimately affect pigment yield (Phatake & Dharmadhikari 2016). In the present study we optimized media type and composition by using eight different types of the medium viz. nutrient broth(NB), NB+glycerol (10 ml/L), Frank’s Medium-FM ( D-L alanine 10g/L, Glycerol 20ml/L, K2HPO4 0.139 g/L, MgCl2.6H2O 4.06 g/L, Na2SO4 14.2 g/L, Ferric citrate 0.1g/L), FM+ Tryptone (1%), FM+yeast extract (1%), FM+glucose (1%), FM+KNO3(1%), FM+ (1%) bactopeptone (Ozcan & Kaharaman, 2015). Along with this, some important physical parameters like incubation temperature, medium pH, salt concentration, inoculum concentration, incubation time, effect of agitation etc. were also optimized (Palanichamy et al., 2011; Vipin et al., 2017). All the experiments were carried out in triplicates, standard errors were calculated and showed by error bars in bar diagrams. 2.8 Antimicrobial activity of pyocyanin Antimicrobial activity of pyocyanin was tested against human pathogenic bacteria as suggested by Mamunur et al. (2014) and phytopathogenic fungi (Kim et al., 2012). Human pathogenic bacteria S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella sp., Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp. and phytopathogenic fungi like Cerratocystis caradum, Sclerotium sp., Altenaria alternatum, Aspergillus asporagus, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. was used in present study. The bacterial and fungal cultures were maintained routinely on nutrient agar and Sabouraud’s agar (dextrose 40g/L, peptone 10g/L, agar 20g/L, pH 5.6) plates respectively. 24 hr. old 0.1 ml culture of each bacterium and fungus was spread on Muller Hinton agar (beef extract 2g/L, acid hydrolysate of casein 17.5g/L, starch 1.5g/L, agar 17g/L) plate by using sterile glass spreader. Sterilized Whatman Filter paper no. 1 discs were impregnated with 10µl pyocyanin pigment and transferred on MH agar plate and Sabouraud’s agar plate for bacteria and fungi respectively. After inoculation the plates were kept in refrigerator for pre-diffusion (30min.). After this bacterial plates were transferred to incubator adjusted at 37oC for 24 hrs while fungal plates were incubated at room temperature. After incubation the plates were observed for zones of inhibition (Mahamuni 2015b; Zahraa et al., 2017). 2.9 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of pyocyanin was estimated against the highly sensitive bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella sp. by micro-dilution method. For this, 5 sterile test tubes were filled with 1ml of nutrient broth containing different concentration of pyocyanin. The concentration of the pigments was maintained in each tube at geometric progression such as 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20μg/ml. All the tubes were inoculated with 0.1 ml of 24 hrs old bacterial culture. Contents in all the tubes were mixed well and incubated for 24 hrs. Test tube containing lowest concentration of the pigment with no bacterial growth after incubation was considered as MIC. 3. Results and Discussion After initial enrichment, the bacterial growth was observed on the King’s agar plates. The bluish green colored colonies, which are peculiar characteristic of Pseudomonas spp. were selected and screened on the basis of their pigment producing ability for further studies. Members of the genus Pseudomonas are widely distributed as free-living organisms in soils, fresh water, marine environments and in many other natural habitats (Igbinosa & Igbinosa, 2015). 3.1 Characterization of isolate The selected isolate was further identified by using biochemical characteristics and standard methods described in Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology and analytical profile index (table 2). The results of morphological identification had been given in table 1. API analysis is the most reliable and quick method of identification of the microorganism. The system was developed for rapid identification of medically important pathogens in 1970. In present study table 2 showing results of API analysis confirm that the isolated strain show similarity with Pseudomonas sp. API 20E/NE strip was used in this study. Similar test strips was used by Ponce et al. (2018) for identification of the Pseudomonas fluorescens. Organism show positive results for L-Lactate alklinization, Beta-Alanine Aralamidase pNA, D- Glucose, D-Mannose, L- Lactate Assimilation etc. 3.2 16S r RNA Identification (FASTA format) The selected isolate was identified up to genus level by 16s rDNA sequencing method (Perneel et al., 2007). This method has long been used as a gold standard for determination of phylogenies of bacterial species (Weose, 1987). The bacterial DNA isolation was followed by amplification of the 16s rDNA gene. The product was confirmed by gel electrophoresis. The sequence obtained was subjected to BLAST analysis which revealed that the selected isolate showed highest similarity with P. aeruginosa (figure 2). El-Fouly et al. (2015) also used similar approach to characterize organism (P. fluorescens) isolated from soil sample.   Table 3 showing blast hit results, the isolate showed 100% similarity with P. aeruginosa JCM 5962. The obtained results confirmed that both subject and query sequence show zero difference in total 1486 nucleotide compared.  3.3 Determination of λ max λ max value of pyocyanin at alkaline and acidic condition were  determined by spectrophotometric studies. Pyocyanin absorbed maximum at wave length 320nm at alkaline and   520nm at acidic condition. Further increase or decrease in the wavelength showed decrease in the final absorbance. El-Fouly et al. (2015) extract yocyanin by standard methods, purified by column chromatography, characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and reported absorption maxima 316nm in alkaline condition and 518nm in acidic conditions (Figure 3). The findings are in agreement with previous reports of Ohfuji et al. (2004).  3.4 Silica gel column chromatography The silica gel (mesh size 200-500) was used for purification of the extracted pigment. Like most of the low molecular weight pigments, pyocyanin appeared in yellow and blue bands. Different fractions of elutes were collected separately and blue fraction was used for further analysis. The fraction showed presence of pigment pyocyanin. The figure 4 showing absorbance of the different fractions at fixed wavelength. Blue colour fraction (2) showed maximum absorbance indicating presence of high concentration of pyocyanin in it. As time of elution increases value of absorbance decreases near linearly (fraction 3 onward). The results indicate that silica gel chromatography can be readily used in purification of pyocyanin. 3.5 Optimization of pyocyanin production In the present study pyocyanin production was optimized by using classical approach. Among the eight different types of the medium selected, NB+ glycerol have given highest yield this was followed by NB, FM+ tryptone and FM+ bactopeptone. FM medium alone and along with yeast extract and bactopeptone showed complete inhibitory effect of pyocyanin (Figure 5a). According to Bhatini et al. (2013) bacterial pigment production process can be effectively optimized by using classical approach. Current study also suggested that compared to synthetic medium a natural medium supports the growth of the bacteria and at the same time prove efficient in activating high levels of pigment production.  To check the effect of different incubation temperature, medium inoculated with test organism were incubated at 21, 24, 27, 30 up to 42oC. Result of study revealed that maximum pyocyanin production occurred at 27oC (Figure 5b). Rest of the tested temperature was not found effective and did not have any significant effect on the final yield of the pyocyanin. Like, temperature, pH of the medium also plays important role in the pyocyanin production (Figure 5c). In current study maximum pyocyanin was reported in the medium having natural pH (7). While more acidic or alkaline condition had inhibitory effect on pyocyanin production. Pyocyanin is a secondary metabolite which produced in stationary (tropho) phase of bacterial growth. So time of incubation played a very important role in pyocyanin production process. Among the tested times, P. aeruginosa gives maximum yield when it incubated for 72 hrs, further increase in the incubation time do not show improvement in the yield of pyocyanin (Figure 5d).    In current study effect of different NaCl concentration on the growth of P. aeruginosa and pigment production were studied. NaCl involved in the regulation of osmotic balance of the cell. Results of study suggested that highest pigment synthesis was occurred when media is supplemented with 4% NaCl and this was followed by rest treatments (Figure 5e). The initial cell density affects the oxygen mass transfer rate which directly alters the final yield of the product. In present study sterile production media was inoculated with different concentration of the inoculum viz. 1, 2, 5 and 10%. Maximum pyocyanin producted was reported when media was inoculated by 1% inoculums, this was followed by 2, 5 and 10% inoculums concentration (Figure 5f). From the result of study, it can be conclude that increase in initial cell concentration have negative effect on the pigment production. 3.6 Antimicrobial activity of pyocyanin against human pathogens The antibacterial effect of the purified pyocyanin was determined against human GIT pathogens S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella sp., Klebsiella sp. and Proteus sp. by agar disc diffusion method. Notable effect was observed against all the pathogens (Figure 6 - 9). All the tested Gram negative pathogens showed sensitivity to pyocyanin. The pigment showed highest activity against Salmonella sp. (25 mm). Results of current study are in conformity to the findings of Zahraa et al. (2017) those who suggested that pyaocyanin has antimicrobial activity against various human pathogenic bacteria such as Shigella sp., Staphyllococcus aureus and Staphyllococcus epidermedis and pathogenic fungi and yeast; Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp., Trichophyton mentagrophyte, Rhodotorula spp., Alternaria alternate, Trichophyton rubrum and Candida spp. Similarly Mohammed & Almahde (2017) also reports inhibitory effect of pyocyanin against urinary tract pathogens S. aureus, S. saprophyticus, S. epidermidis, E. coli and C. frundii. Further, it was reported that clinical strains of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa were resistant to pyocyanin while all Gram-positive bacteria and C. albicans could be significantly inhibited by pyocyanin treatment (Pachori et al., 2019).    3.7 Minimal Inhibitory Concentration for bacterial pathogens Minimum inhibitory concentration was recorded again the two minimum growth showing bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella sp.   No visible growth was observed at concentration 12 and 8 µg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella sp. Respectively (table 4). Thus MIC of pyocyanin for Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella sp. was 12 and 8 µg/ml respectively. Gram negative bacteria Klebsiella sp. than Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus are found to be more sensitive to pyocyanin of P. aeruginosa because it act on the cell wall of these bacterial pathogens. 3.8 Antifungal activity of pyocyanin against phytopathogenic fungi  In the present study antifungal activity of pyocyanin was also studied against phytopathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp., Trichophyton mentagrophyte, Rhodotorula spp., Alternaria alternateTrichophyton rubrum and Candida spp. by agar well diffusion method (Figure 10-13). Maximum inhibitory effect of pigment was observed against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp., these result are in agreement with the findings of Mahamuni, (2015a), those who reported highest inhibition of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium   sp when exposed to pyocyanin. Similarly, Dwivedi & Johri (2003) reported that Psuedomonas can suppress soil-borne fungal pathogens by producing antifungal metabolites. Similarly, Hassanein et al. (2009) also reported that pyocyanin produced on King's B medium (pH 7±0.2) and extracted by chloroform showed minimum inhibitory concentration (40.69 μg/ml) against Candida albicans. Conclusion The soil samples collected from Baramati regions showed presence of notable amount of pigment producing bacterial diversity. These bacteria are found to produce wide range of colours including yellow, red, orange, purple etc. Bacterial strain producing blue color pigment pyocyanin was identified morphologically and 16S rDNA technique as P. aeruginosa. This study suggested that morphological and biochemical (API) methods were found effective in identification of bacterial strain and these results can be confirmed by molecular identification techniques 16s rDNA. The selected P. aeruginosa JCM 5962(T) found to produce pyocyanin; confirmed by spectroscopic studies. The produced pigment can be successfully purified by gel chromatography techniques. All the parameters for pyocyanin production can be optimized by classical approach. The organism produced maximum pigment at 30oC, pH 7, salt concentration 4 % after 72 hrs of incubation 120 rpm speed of agitation and 1% inoculum in NB+ glycerol medium. As pigment itself having potent antimicrobial activity it takes care of contaminants and minimize the risk of contamination during production process. This finding was confirmed by agar well diffusion assay against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Salmonella sp., Klebsiella sp. and Proteus sp. and found significance in controlling infection caused by these pathogens. This inhibitory effect is due to oxygen reactive species generated by pyocyanin during metabolism. Broth dilution method was successfully used for determination of MIC for Staphylococcus aureus (12 µg/ml) and Klebsiella sp. (8µg/ml). Gram negative bacteria are found to be more sensitive to pyocyanin of P. aeruginosa as it acts on the cell wall. Phytopathogenic fungi of sugarcane Cerratocystis caradum, Sclerotium sp. and Altenaria alternatum are also found to be sensitive to the pyocyanin produced by the isolated strain which is a novel finding. Other fungi inhibited by pyocyanin are Asporagus sp., Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. Thus the pyocyanin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from rhizosphere soil showed impressive future prospects in controlling phytopathogenic fungi and for controlling human pathogens. Conflict of interest Author hereby declares that they have no conflict of interest.
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