Volume 7, Issue 3, June Issue - 2019, Pages:295-300 |
Authors: Rakesh Pandey, A.K. Chaturvedi |
Abstract: Little leaf disease is distributed throughout the brinjal growing tracts. Farm experiments were conducted at five different locations with the technology developed by ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi during two consecutive years i.e., 2014-15 and 2015-16. The technologies assessed were FP (Farmers’ practice): no use of chemicals to manage little leaf disease, only use chemicals viz., Profenophos, Cypermethrin etc. for the management of shoot and fruit borer; SDS: seedling treatment for 20-30 minutes with (Streptomycin Sulphate + Tetracyclin hydrochloride @ 150 ppm) + destruction of the infected plants + need based foliar application of Streptomycin Sulphate + Tetracyclin hydrochloride @ 150 ppm and Imidaclopirid @ 0.3 ml/l and STDS: SDS + installation of yellow sticky traps @ 15/ha after 20 days of transplanting for the management of vector i.e., leafhoppers. There were 46.27 to 57.63 per cent plants infested in FP (farmers’ practice). However, 33.55 to 43.88 per cent and 18.95 to 28.58 per cent plants were infested in SDS and STDS, respectively. The highest yield was observed in STDS (39.51 to 48.10 t/ha) followed by SDS (33.82 to 39.94 t/ha) and FP (23.26 to 32.88 t/ha) with the highest benefit cost ratio of 4.99 to 5.86 in STDS followed by 4.51 to 5.45 in SDS and 3.86 to 3.90 in FP (farmers’ practice). It is evident from the study that STDS not only increased the yield from 46.29 to 69.83 per cent but also increased net return from 57.86 to 89.35 per cent in comparison to farmers’ practice. |
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Full Text: 1 Introduction Brinjal, Solanum melongena L. is one of the most widely grown vegetable crops of both tropics and subtropics of the world. It is being grown extensively in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, China, Philippines, France, Italy and United States (Rathnamma & Patil, 2017). It is one of the most important solanaceous vegetable crops in the Indian sub-continent (Srinivasan & Huang, 2008). It contributes about 8.12% of the total vegetable production and about 8.0% of the total area under vegetables in India (Indian Horticulture Database, 2011). It is highly productive and finds its place as the poor man’s vegetable (Som & Maity, 2002). It is grown in almost all parts of India, except in higher altitudes throughout the year. Insect-pests and diseases are one of the important limiting factors in cultivation of brinjal. Little leaf disease is caused by phytoplasma and it causes significant losses (Mitra, 1993). Stunted plant growth, shortening of internodes, reduced leaf size and proliferation of shoots are the prominent symptoms of infected plants. Several biological aspects of brinjal little leaf disease was reported by Varma et al. (1969) and Mitra (1993). Plants infected with phytoplasmas exhibit symptoms suggesting a profound disturbance in the normal balance of growth regulators, leading to virescence/ phyllody i.e., development of green leaf like structures instead of flowers, sterility of flowers, proliferation of axillary buds resulting in “witches broom” symptoms, abnormal internode elongation and generalized stunting (Bertaccini, 2007). The insects of families Cicadellidae, Cixidae, Psyllidae, Delphacidae and Derbidae are responsible for transmission of phytoplasma (Weintraub & Beanland, 2006). Bindra & Singh (1969) reported that the Hishimonus phycitis Distant is the most common vector of this disease. The field surveys indicated that the incidence of little leaf disease was more than 50 per cent in the study area, however, Rathnamma & Patil, 2017 also reported up to 95 per cent incidence in brinjal growing area. Farmers usually spray insecticides viz., Profenophos, Cypermethrin, etc. once or twice at weekly intervals only to control the brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Pandey et al., 2016). There were no concerted remedies against this serious malady used by the farmers of the region. However, in India According to Alam et al. (2006), more than 95% of the farmers applied more than 40 sprays per season (in Gujrat) and 86% sprayed their crops twice or three times a week (in Uttar Pradesh) against eggplant shoot and fruit borer. Sole reliance on chemicals for the control of L. orbonalis made eggplant cultivation uneconomical and also caused residual toxicity (Chandra et al., 2014). Moreover, despite serious damaging nature of little leaf disease, its control tactic by and large is limited to frequent sprays of chemical insecticides in this region. Such practices of insecticides usage is detrimental to the environment, also increases the chances of insecticide residues in the fruit. Considering the principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), the present study was undertaken with the objective to investigate the effective management strategy by seedling treatment, destruction of infected plants, application of yellow sticky traps and need based foliar application of Streptomycin Sulphate + Tetracyclin hydrochloride and Imidaclopirid against little leaf disease under field conditions. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Location of the study The study was conducted in 0.125 ha area located in Bhadohi (82056’ east longitude and 25040’ north latitude). The climate was hot and humid in summer and cold and dry in winter with an in between rainy season. The temperature in the area ranged between 50C to 460C and an annual rainfall of 1563 mm was reported (Singh et al., 2008). 2.2 Details of technologies assessed against little leaf disease The different insecticides are the only control measures adopted by the farmers (FP). To find out a safe, effective, economical and sustainable strategy for the management of little leaf disease, two technologies were formulated on the basis of researches conducted at ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi. |
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