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Volume 7, Issue 2, April Issue - 2019, Pages:211-221 |
| Authors: Darshna K. Patel, Devayani R. Tipre, Shailesh R. Dave |
| Abstract: Decolourization and degradation of two dye house effluents (DHEs) have been studied using a developed bacterial consortium. Batch experiments were optimized at shake flask level in terms of pH, temperature, culture condition, carbon and nitrogen source. Bacterial consortium was found to be active between pH 6-10 and temperature 25-40 °C under static condition. Among different carbon and nitrogen sources studied, addition of sucrose, fructose, glucose and beef extract were found to support the degradation of both Effluent-2 and 3 (E-2, E-3). Decolourization and degradation profiles of E-2 and E-3 DHEs were studied to optimize the treatment time. Reduction in BOD, COD and ADMI (American Dye Manufacturers' Institute) values were more than 95%, which proved the treatment efficiency of the developed consortium against both the DHEs Moreover, FTIR and HPLC spectral data analysis and enzyme induction pattern confirmed biodegradation of all the DHEs. Intracellular azoreductase, NADH-DCIP reductase and laccase played significant role in degradation. Phytotoxicity and microbial toxicity were reduced in the range of 70-80% and 40-46%, respectively. This results indicated production of non-toxic metabolites. The study gave significant information for the bio-treatment of DHEs containing various heavy metals using a developed bacterial consortium. |
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Full Text: 1 Introduction Water pollution is one of the major areas of concern since last few decade as it has a major impact on all life forms along with aquatic life. Among the major sources of pollutes, coloured waste water generated from the dye houses and textile industries are the most common one (Vikrant et al., 2018). Both these kind of industries consume a huge amount of water and generate coloured effluents. Tehrani-Bagha et al. (2010) reported that among all industrial sectors, coloured wastewater generating industries are found to be the most polluting. Wastewaters containing colours are easily visible and hence pose aesthetic pollution problems. Dye house effluents (DHEs) generally contain dark coloured water along with heavy metals (chromium, copper, molybdenum, zinc, etc.), COD, BOD, TOC, TDS and TSS (Patel et al., 2015). Such metal containing pollutants are known to be hazarus for living beings (Li et al., 2015). Moreover, some portion of dyes are not recovered during the downstream processing and hence dye house wastes are more concentrated as compared to the textile wastewater because textile waste waters get diluted during the washing process of clothes (Patel et al., 2015). Physical and chemical treatment methods are not always possible as they are more costly and practically ineffective. Generation of huge amount of sludge is another problem in such physicochemical treatment methods including advance oxidation process and other conventional treatment methods (Vikrant et al., 2018). Biodegradation is an attractive tool for the treatment of such wastes as it is cost effective and ecofriendly in nature (Stolz, 2001; Shah et al., 2013; Cerron et al., 2015; Raper et al., 2018). Use of various biological organisms including bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae and plants have been studied for their remediation potential (Dave & Dave, 2009; Zab?ocka-Godlewska et al., 2015; de Almeida & Corso, 2016; Alizadeh et al., 2017; Ghosh et al., 2017; Swati et al., 2017). Use of consortial system offer a great number of benefits including degradation ability of more than one compound at a time along with co-metabolic activities leading to mineralization of the pollutant compound (Forgacs et al., 2004; Khehra et al., 2005; Sheth & Dave 2010; Bilal et al., 2018). Benefits of using consortium for bioremediation are well reported in the literature (He et al., 2004; Balapure et al., 2016; Patel et al., 2017a; Bilal et al. 2019). Most of the research work has been focussing only on pure dye or only one industrial effluent and that too mainly the textile wastewater or simulated wastewater, but not the actual DHEs. Different isolates and consortia are reported for degradation of individual dyes or waste. DHEs contain high organic load, high ADMI value, dark colour and presence of toxic metals (Patel et al. 2015). No data are available for treatment of more than one dye containing wastes with developed single bacterial consortium. Keeping these points in consideration bacterial consortium was developed and investigated for decolourization and degradation of two different diverse DHEs. Further, analysis of effluent detoxification was carried out to ensure the safty of the treatment procedure. Present study would be the base for the development of waste water treatment protocol for diverse group of dye containing industrial effluents. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 DHEs, media and chemicals Two DHEs designated as E-2 and E-3 were procured from Apex dye stuff industries located in Vatva GIDC industrial estate, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Both the effluents were containing mixture of various azo dyes and metals as during that period, only metal complex azo dyes were manufactured by the industry. Treatment of DHEs was carried out in triplicates using 1:10 diluted DHE in Bushnell and Haas (BH) medium containing (g/L): K2HPO4, 1.0; KH2PO4, 1.0; NH4NO3, 1.0; FeCl3, 0.05; CaCl2, 0.02; MgSO4, 0.2 and 0.5% (w/v) yeast extract; pH 7.4±0.2 in a 100 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 mL of DHE system comprising of 10% (v/v) activated inoculum (3x108 cells/mL). The preparaed system was kept at 35±2 °C temperature and static incubation condition. ABTS (2,2- azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulphonic acid)), NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen), tartaric acid, n-propane, L-tyrosine and other chemicals used in the study were of analytical grade from HiMedia Laboratories, India. Microbial cultures of Azotobacter sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained from the departmental culture collections. 2.2 Bacterial consortium An indegeneous bacterial consortium was enriched from a dye polluted site as described in the earlier report (Patel et al., 2017a) and maintained in dye containing nutrient broth at 8±2°C used for further use. Bacteria isolated on nutrient agar plate from the developed consortium were identified on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis at Chromous Biotech, Bangaluru, India. All the five isolates were added in equal proportion. 2.3 Physico-chemical analysis of DHEs Analysis of DHEs for pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) before and after treatment were carried out according to standard methods for water and wastewater analysis (Eaton et al., 1998). 2.4 Optimization of DHEs decolourization Decolourization of DHEs was optimized using various parameters such as pH (4-12), temperature (25-55°C), culture condition (static and shaking), carbon and nitrogen supplement in BH medium with 0.5% (w/v) glucose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, fructose, starch, yeast extract, peptone and beef extract. Decolourization profile of DHEs was studied at an interval of every 6 h until decolourization remained constant. Decolourization rate was calculated in terms of percent decolourization per hour (Patel et al. 2017b). 2.5 Analysis of colour removal Decolourization of DHEs was measured by ADMI value calculation using Tristimulus filter method (Eaton et al., 1998) and comparison of UV-Vis spectra of DHEs before and after treatment. ADMI removal was calculated using Equation 1. % ADMI removal= (Initial ADMI-Final ADMI)Initial ADMI×100 (1) Where initial ADMI value at 0 h and the final ADMI value after a particular reaction time. 2.6 Cell free extract preparation Cells from activated consortium were harvested by centrifugation at 8000 g for 10 min. The supernatant obtained after centrifugation was directly used as a source of extracellular enzymes. The harvested cells were homogenized after suspending in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, and sonicated (Sartrious, Germany) at an amplitude of 70% with ten strokes each of 30 s with a 2 min interval at 4 °C followed by centrifugation at 10000 g for 20 min at 4 °C to remove the cell debris (Patel et al., 2017a). The extra- and intracellular fractions were used as a crude enzyme for respective extracellular and intracellular enzyme assays. Reading of triplicate experiments were used for statistical analysis. 2.7 Enzyme assay Oxidoreductive enzymes including lignin peroxidase (LiP), laccase, tyrosinase, azoreductase (Azo) and NADH-DCIP reductase (NADH-DCIP red) from intracellular as well as extracellular fractions were studied for their induction pattern in decolourization of DHEs. Azoreductase (Khan et al., 2014), NADH-DCIP reductase (Lade et al., 2012), Laccase (Shah et al., 2012; Agrawal et al., 2014) and Tyrosinase (Kadam et al., 2011) enzymes activities were determined by standard protocole. One unit of reductive enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme required to reduce 1µM substrate per minute. One unit of oxidative enzyme was defined as the amount of enzyme to increase 1.0 absorbance unit under standard assay conditions. 2.8 Analysis of biodegradation The untreated and treated DHEs were centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min and supernatants were extracted using double volumes of ethyl acetate, and dried on a rotary vacuum evaporator at 45 °C. The extracted metabolites were subjected to FTIR and HPLC analysis. FTIR analysis was carried out in the range of 600-4000 cm-1 with 16 scan speed (Bruker, Germany). For HPLC analysis, extracted metabolites were dissolved in spectroscopy grade methanol and injected in a C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 mm) equipped with dual wavelength detector by the isocratic method using LC solutions (Shimadzu, Japan). The mobile phase was methanol:water (70:30) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and with 15 min run time. 2.9 Phytotoxicity Phytotoxicity was carried out at ambient temperature using Phaseolus mungo. Ten seeds were irrigated separately by providing 5 mL of distilled water (as a control), untreated and treated DHEs. The effect of individual treatment on growth was assessed by measuring percent germination, plumule length and radical length after 10 days (Patel et al., 2015). 2.10 Microbial toxicity The microbial toxicity of untreated DHEs and metabolites obtained after treatment was carried out using Azotobacter sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Patel et al., 2017b) and the mean of inhibition zone after 24 h of incubation at 35±2°C was recorded. 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 DHEs characterization Characteristics of DHEs viz. E-2 and E-3 are shown in Table 1. Wide range of diversity in terms of pH, TOC, COD, BOD, TDS, TSS, CU, ADMI and metal content was reported. The pH of the samples was found to be 5.7 alongwith narrow range of differences was observed for TOC, COD, BOD, TDS and TSS in case of both the effluents. However, samples were highly coloured and a remarkable differences was observed in case of ADMI value where ADMI value of 107066 and 420107 for E-2 and E-3, respectively. Both the effluents were orange coloured. Metal content was found as 2.26 and 18.6, 2.03 and 12.0, 11.16 and 56.2, 5.43 and 2.82, 13.8 and 9.6 for Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd and Cr metals in E-2 and E-3, respectively. The BOD:COD ratio of untreated DHEs were 0.7 and 0.6 for E-2 and E-3, respectively. As per the literature, BOD:COD indicates the biodegradability of waste water (Dhall et al., 2012, Dave et al., 2015). If the BOD:COD ratio is >0.5, the waste is considered amenable to biodegradation, whereas, the ratio <0.3 indicates the presence of toxic compounds and hence needs to be stabilized prior to treatment. The obtained characterization of DHEs indicated the presence of coloured compounds and extent of biodegradability of samples. 3.2 Identification of Bacteria from the consortium A developed bacterial consortium showed the presence of Pantoea ananatis (KM502538), Bacillus fortis strain E4 Pb3 (KM502537), Alcaligenes faecalis (KM502541), Brevibacillus parabrevis strain GRG (KM502542) and Bordetella trematum (KP751929) on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing of cultivable bacterial species. Sequence of the identified cultures are deposited and obtained Gen Bank accession numbers are mentioned with each organism in parenthesis (Patel et al., 2017b). 3.3 Optimization of DHEs decolourization Influence of various parameters on decolourization is presented in Figure 1 A-D. The pH in the range of 6-10 was found to be the pH of choice for the study as the decolourization was more than 80%. The developed inoculum showed considerable activity even at pH 5 and 10 (Figure 1A). Effect of various incubation temperatures on biodecolourization of both the DHEs are shown in Figure 1B. The ADMI removal was found to be more than 96% for both the effluents at 35-40±2 °C temperature. Both the DHEs showed 4 to 26 fold higher rate of % ADMI removal at static incubation condition as compared to shaking condition (data not shown). This might be due to reduced air penetration at static condition than the shaking condition. The results are in coordination with Pandey et al. (2007), where nonspecific reduction of azo dyes leading to colour removal under anaerobic conditions is explained. Influence of addition of various carbon and nitrogen sources was also investigated and results are described in Figure 1C. The influence was found to be quite distinct in terms of DHEs under study. Addition of maltose was found to be the best for E-2; whereas, glucose was favouring the decolourization of E-3. The observed variation in the influence of added sugar could be explained based on the influence of particular effluents and presence of indegenous flora in the effluents. Addition of beef extract was found to be the choice as compared to yeast extract and peptone in the medium. Decolourization profile in terms of incubation time showed more than 90% decolourization within 42 h (Figure 1D) for both the effluents. The average decolourization rates of first 42 h of treatment for E-2 and E-3 were 3.0 and 3.9 % ADMI removal/h, respectively. Both the effluents showed fastest ADMI removal in first 6 h with 4.2 and 6.9 % ADMI removal/h. Even in case of textile effluent 48 h are required to achieve 89% ADMI removal when BL-GG consortium was used (Kurade et al., 2012; Saratale et al., 2012). 3.4 Analysis of treatment efficiency Treatment efficiency of the consortium for both the DHEs was studied in terms of COD, BOD, TOC, TDS, TSS and ADMI value reduction and results are listed in Figure 2. The DHEs showed increase in pH, which rose from 7.4 to 8.4 after treatment. Moreover, the treatment also resulted in 87 and 62% TOC reduction along with 95 and 84% COD reduction for E-2 and E-3, respectively. More than 98% BOD removal was observed from both the DHEs. Dissolved solids reductions were 87 and 78% for E-2 and E-3, respectively. Apart from this, the consortium showed >99% metal removal as none of the metals was detected in any of the treated DHEs. In literature, reduction in high COD, ADMI and metal is reported for industrial effluent using bacterial consortium system by Patel et al. (2015). Decrease in COD, BOD, TOC, ADMI values of textile effluent was recorded after treatment using consortium AP (Lade et al., 2012) and the same parameters including reduction in solids is also documented in soil when plant and/or bacterial augmentation combinations were used. In the reported study, the presence of both plant and bacterial augmentation resulted in maximum 50-80% reduction (Khandare et al., 2013). Zhang et al. (2012) observed 40 and 84% of colour and COD reduction after anoxic-oxic treatment of a textile wastewater. Kurade et al. (2012) and Saratale et al. (2012) have observed 68 and 74% of BOD and COD reduction of a textile effluent, respectively though the initial BOD (890 mg/L) and COD (3400 mg/L) values were far less than the values in present effluents under study. More reduction in initial COD indicates the high rate of mineralization (Hassan & Hawkyard 2002). 3.5 Enzyme analysis All the studied enzymes were significantly induced both in intracellular and extracellular fractions (Figure 3) in case of both treated and untreated DHEs. Intracellular enzyme induction was more as compared to extracellular enzymes. The two enzyme families, azoreductases and laccases, showed a great potential in decolourization and degradation of azo dyes (Singh et al., 2015). In the present study reductive enzyme activity and laccase enzyme activities were found higher as compared to other enzymes. 3.6 Biodegradation analysis UV-Vis spectra of untreated and treated (biodegraded) DHEs showed disappearance of peaks in the visible region of the spectrum, indicated degradation of DHEs (Figure 4). Results of FTIR (Figure 5; Table 2) and HPLC (Figure 6; Table 3) analysis revealed that both the DHEs were decolourized with simultaneous degradation. The FTIR spectra of DHEs, before and after degradation showed differences in the peaks (Figure 5; Table 2). Shifting of major peaks was found in biodegraded metabolite fractions of DHEs as compared to non degraded DHEs confirmed changes in the structural configuration of organic molecules present in the DHEs. Peaks at 3417 and 3433 cm-1 were found, which represent -OH stretching in untreated E-2 and E-3, respectively. This confirmed |
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